1	Chapter 12 Computer Security and Risks
2	Topics
3	On-line Outlaws: Computer Crime Computers are used to break laws as well as uphold them Computer crime involves: Theft by computer Software piracy and intellectual property laws Software sabotage Hacking and electronic trespassing
4	The Computer Crime Dossier Computer crime is defined as any crime accomplished through knowledge or use of computer technology The typical computer criminal is a trusted employee with no criminal record
5	The Computer Crime Dossier According to the FBI: Financial losses topped $120 million in 1999 More than 60 percent of corporate, university, and government sites report at least one break-in per year
6	Theft by Computer Theft is the most common form of computer crime Computers are used to steal: Money Goods Information Computer resources
7	Software Piracy and Intellectual Property Laws Software piracy is the illegal duplication of copyrighted software Intellectual property includes the results of intellectual activities in the arts, sciences, and industry
8	Software Piracy and Intellectual Property Laws Property laws: Inventions are patented Trade secrets are covered by contract law The expression of intellectual property can be copyrighted Look-and-feel lawsuits can result from mimicking intellectual property
9	Software Sabotage Trojan horse - performs a useful task while also being secretly destructive; time bombs are an example Virus - spreads by making copies of itself from program to program or disk to disk Worm - a program that travels independently over computer networks, seeking uninfected sites
10	Software Sabotage
11	Software Sabotage Virus detection software locates and removes viruses These programs need to be frequently revised More than 200 new virus appear each month!
12	Hacking and Electronic Trespassing Hackers are people who enjoyed learning the details of computer systems Hackers (or crackers) refers to people who break into computer systems Webjackers hijack Web pages and redirect users to other sites Denial of Service (DOS) attacks bombards servers and web sites with traffic that shuts down the network
13	Hacking and Electronic Trespassing Breaking into other computer systems is called electronic trespassing Electronic crime rings focus on stealing credit card numbers and other valuable information
14	Computer Security: Reducing Risks Computer crime has led to a need to protect computer systems Computer security attempts to protect computers and the information they contain Computer security protects against unwanted access, damage, modification, or destruction
15	Computer Security: Reducing Risks Physical Access Restrictions Passwords Firewalls, Encryptions, and Audits Backups Law, Management, and Ethics
16	Physical Access Restrictions Physical access restrictions are based on: Something you have, such as a key, ID card with photo, or a smart card Something you know, such as a password, an ID number, or a piece of personal history Something you do, such as your signature or your typing speed and error patterns
17	Physical Access Restrictions Something about you, such as voice print, fingerprints, retinal scans, or other measurements of individual body characteristics (biometrics)
18	Passwords Passwords are the most common tool for restricting access to computer system
19	Firewalls, Encryption, and Audits These security systems reduce or prohibit the interception of messages between computers: Firewalls are like gateways with a lock Codes protect transmitted information and take a special key to decode Shields are specially developed machines that prevent unwanted interception
20	Firewalls The computer serves as a firewall by scanning every message for security risks before allowing it to pass into or out of the LAN
21	Encryption To make a message secure from outsiders requires encryption software Encryption software scrambles the sent message using a key A different key is needed to unscramble the received message
22	Encryption
23	Audit-Control Software Audit-control software monitors and records computer activity Effective audit-control software forces every user to leave a trail of electronic footprints
24	Backups and Other Precautions The best and most widely used method to recover data is a routine for making regular backups Many computer systems are backed up at the end of each work day
25	Human Security Controls: Laws, Management, and Ethics Security measures prevent crime, but can also pose threats to personal privacy Managers must make employees aware of security issues and risks
26	Security, Privacy, Freedom, & Ethics: The Delicate Balance Active badges can simultaneously improve security and threaten privacy by: identifying who enters a door or logs onto a machine finding an employee’s location or where they have been throughout the day
27	Rules of Thumb: Safe Computing Share with care Beware of BBS risks Don’t pirate software Disinfect regularly Treat diskettes with care Take your password seriously Lock sensitive data Use backup systems Consider encryption for Internet activities Prepare for the worst
28	Security and Reliability Computer security involves more than protection from trespassing, sabotage, and other crimes Software errors and hardware glitches account for some of the most important security issues, such as: Bugs and Breakdowns Computers at War
29	Bugs and Breakdowns Software bugs do more damage than viruses and computer burglars combined. Facts about software engineering: It is impossible to eliminate all bugs. Even programs that appear to work can contain dangerous bugs. The bigger the system,the bigger the problem.
30	Bugs and Breakdowns Computer breakdowns pose a risk to the public and the incidence doubles every two years. Hardware problems are rare when compared with software failures
31	Computers at War Smart weapons are missiles that use computerized guidance systems to locate their targets. An autonomous system is a complex system that can assume almost complete responsibility for a task without human input.
32	Warfare in the Digital Domain The front lines of the future may in cyberspace By attacking computer networks an enemy could conceivably cripple:
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