1	"Computer Currents:" Computer Currents: From Calculation to Communication
2	Topics Living without Computers Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Computer Connections: The Internet Revolution Living with Computers
3	Living Without Computers
4	Information-Processing Machine
5	The First Real Computers
6	Konrad Zuse
7	John Atanasoff
8	Howard Aiken
9	John Mauchly and Presper Eckert
10	Evolution and Acceleration Hardware changes are defined by generations. First Generation Vacuum tubes Second Generation Transistors Third Generation Integrated circuits Fourth Generation Microprocessor
11	First-Generation Computers 1930s – 1940s Vacuum tubes used as switches Large computers Extremely slow by today’s standards Prone to frequent failure Includes the ABC, Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, and others of similar design
12	Second-Generation Computers 1950s – mid-1960s Transistors used as switches Smaller than vacuum-tube-built computers As much as a thousand times faster than first-generation computers More reliable and less expensive
13	Third-Generation Computers Late 1960s Hundreds of transistors packed into a single integrated circuit on a silicon chip Dramatic reduction in size and cost Significant increases in reliability, speed, and efficiency Mass production techniques to manufacture chips inexpensively
14	Fourth-Generation Computers 1970s to present Complete computer on a chip Radical change in the appearance, capability and availability of computers
15	A Brief Taxonomy Mainframes Supercomputers Workstations Personal Computers Portable Computers Embedded Computers Special-Purpose Computers
16	Multi-User Computers Supercomputers… the fastest, most powerful computers
17	Multi-User Computers Mainframes many users can access computer resources simultaneously Minicomputers smaller and less expensive than mainframes
18	Single-User Computers Workstations High-end desktop computer Servers provide software and other resources to computers over a network
19	Single-User Computers Personal Computers (PC) Dedicated to serving one user Computing power for word processing, accounting and other common applications
20	Portable Computers Laptop lightweight, battery-operated computers with flat screens,
21	Special-Purpose Computers Special-Purpose often attached to sensors to measure and/or control the environment programs etched in silicon so they can’t be altered (firmware) Embedded enhance consumer goods control a variety of hardware devices, including robots
22	Computer Connections: The Network Revolution Local Area Networks (LAN) resource sharing allow communication between users (in the same building or cluster of buildings) Wide Area Networks (WAN) resource sharing allow communication between users (across the country or the world)
23	The Internet Explosion A network of networks World Wide Web for usability Electronic mail Multimedia content Self-publishing On-line transactions Intranets Network computers
24	World Wide Web
25	Electronic Mail (e-mail) The primary use of the Internet today is for communications: E-mail is easy to use Messaging is quick
26	Explosive Internet Growth 1994? 3 million people connected Today? Hundreds of millions The United States leads the world in Internet activity Approximately 1/3 of U.S. households connected in 1999 By 2003, twice that number is expected to be connected
27	Impact of the Internet Companies are replacing mainframe and PC systems with Intranets Private intra-organizational networks that allow people to transmit, share and store information Computers may be used mostly as gateways to intranets and the Internet These network computers cost less than typical PCs because they contain less hardware and are easier to maintain (software stored on a central server)
28	Internet Connections Direct connection One that’s hard wired through a business, school or government Indirect connection Telephone system Cable TV connection Wireless connection
29	Living with Computers
30	Concepts of hardware and software
31	Software Applications Word processing and desktop publishing Spreadsheets and databases Computer graphics, multimedia and hypermedia Telecommunication and networking Artificial intelligence General problem-solving Programming languages
32	Social and Ethical Issues Threat to personal privacy Hazards of high-tech crime & keeping data secure Risks of computer system failures
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