Begging the Question

Also known as “Circular Reasoning”, “Petitio Principii”, “Circulus in Probando”

Definition: Any argument in which the conclusion occurs as one of the supports, or a chain of arguments in which the final conclusion is a support of one of the earlier arguments in the chain.

Characteristics: The words and phrases used to express the support are synonymous with the words and phrases used to express the claim. That is, the support merely restates the claim, with minor changes. This means the support is debatable.

Examples: “I am not a liar since I always tell the truth.” “It is clear that lower taxes strengthen our economy, as higher taxes tend to weaken the market.” “The media is far too influential on voters. Voters tend to look to the media for guidance in most political races. In fact, television, radio and the internet have become the primary sources of information in our country.”

The Problem: The claim is only believable if the support is believable. But the support is only believable if the claim is believable.

The Solution: The soundness of any argument depends on the accuracy of the support. So, replace the fallacious support with the reasons for its accuracy.

For example, “It is clear that lower taxes strengthen our economy. Studies have shown that higher taxes have a negative influence on most market indicators, while static tax levels risk economic stagnation. (Citation) Therefore, the only reasonable option for strengthening the economy is lower taxes.”