Two types of system software are ____.

A(n) ____ system is a set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources.

During a cold boot on a personal computer, the POST (power-on self test) results are compared with data in a ____ chip.

The ____ is the core of an operating system that maintains the computer’s clock, starts applications, and assigns the computer’s resources, such as devices, programs, data, and information.

The ____ is firmware that contains a computer’s startup instructions.

The BIOS executes a series of tests, collectively called the ____, which check the various system components including the buses, system clock, adapter cards, RAM chips, mouse, keyboard, and drives.

In a ____ like the one shown in Figure 8-3, a user types commands or presses special keys on the keyboard (such as function keys or key combinations) to enter data and instructions.

With a ____, users interact with menus and visual images such as icons, buttons, and other objects to issue commands.

With ____ memory, the operating system allocates a portion of a storage medium, usually the hard disk, to function as additional RAM.

With virtual memory, which is illustrated in Figure 8-1, the technique of swapping items between memory and storage, called ____, is a time-consuming process for the computer.

A(n) ____ is a small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a specific device.

Utility programs included with most operating systems provide all of the following functions except ____.

A ____ is an icon on the desktop that provides a user with immediate access to a program or file.

____ a disk, or reorganizing it so the files are stored in contiguous sectors, speeds up disk access and thus the performance of the entire computer.

Some stand-alone operating systems are called ____ because they also work in conjunction with a network operating system.

Examples of stand-alone operating systems include all of the following except ____.

____ includes features from previous Apple computer operating systems, such as large photo-quality icons, built-in networking support, and enhanced speech recognition.

Bell Labs licensed ____ for a low fee to numerous colleges and universities, where the operating system obtained a wide following.

Examples of network operating systems include all of the following except ____.

The term, computer ____, describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects, or infects, a computer negatively by altering the way the computer works without the user’s knowledge or permission.

A ____ is malware that copies itself repeatedly, for example in memory or over a network, using up system resources and possibly shutting the system down.

A ____ is malware that hides within or looks like a legitimate program, such as a screen saver.

____ is a program placed on a computer without the user’s knowledge or consent that secretly collects information about the user, often related to Web browsing habits.

Even if users are working on multiple programs simultaneously, it is impossible to run out of RAM.

A compressed file takes up more storage space than the original file.

A process called ____________________, which is illustrated in Figure 8-2, sends documents to a buffer instead of sending them immediately to the printer.

____________________ means the operating system automatically configures new devices as users install them.

A(n) ____________________ is a private combination of characters associated with a user name that allows access to certain computer resources.

A(n) ____________________ is someone who tries to access a computer or network illegally.

Linux is ____________________, which means its code is provided for use, modification, and redistribution.