1. Open up with the thesis, the main point of the piece you are discussing.

2. Then follow the piece roughly in the same order as it is written.

3. Use the present tense.

4. Refer to the author by last name, not by first name.

5. Don't be afraid to use transitional words (i.e., then, also, finally).

6. For help in getting at the main points, look to the topic sentences of each paragraph.

7. Quote rarely, if at all. Generally, a summary will be in your own words, so be prepared to paraphrase.

8. Make sure you include the title and the author. A good way to open up is as follows: In her essay, "How to Flunk Out of School Without Really Trying," Jane Doe shows us (or discusses, presents, reveals, demonstrates, etc.)